Regarding the problems and challenges facing Islamic banking, of course, after nearly forty years since the adoption and implementation of the law on interest-free banking in Iran, many writings, researches and materials have been formed. During this period, in order to solve them, solutions have been presented and implemented. Therefore, acknowledging that some of the problems and challenges have been resolved, but the Islamic banking system is still facing challenges, some of which have a relatively long history. Therefore, in order to find the roots of the challenges, it seems more important than recognizing the challenges themselves, to understand correctly the aspects and dimensions of the problems and challenges against the institutionalization of the Islamic banking system, especially in Iran and in the world in general. Accordingly, in this article, an attempt has been made to examine the dimensions of these challenges in order to avoid repetition, almost in a comprehensive manner. With regard to the above, the present study has examined the dimensions of challenges in the two sections of Islamic banking challenges in Iran and the world separately. In any case, the main challenge that unfortunately still exists in Iran almost fourteen years after the enactment of the Law on Interest-Free Banking Operations, and unfortunately has received less attention, is the problem or challenge It is "Qarz al-Hasna", which can be claimed to be the basis of Islamic thought and thought in the context of the simplest and at the same time the most complex concept of economics, namely "money" in the space of "Qarz al-Hasna" finds meaning and manifestation. It is hoped that this study can be used as an example of the second step of the Islamic Revolution in the direction of institutionalizing the Islamic economic system.